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Human Characteristics Possessed
　　From Early Childhood Years

curves

<mother and daughter>
Those curves show
many kinds of human
characteristics.

Contents　　　　　　　　　　　　

　　　　〔1〕　　ＷＨＡＴ　ＩＳ　ＴＨＩＳ　ＴＥＳＴ　　？

　　　　　　　　　　〔２〕　　Consecutive Adding Works　and 　　Marking Method　

〔３〕 Child and Mother 〔４〕　About the Tendency of Curves

　　　　〔５〕　　Ａ　Ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ　of "Typical" Curves （Ｔｅｉｋｅｉ）

〔６〕　　Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ　　　　〔７〕　　Discussion of Inclination in Character

The purpose of this test is to reveal the personal characteristics of pre-school children through the dynamic curves
that result when pre-school children complete this mental working test.

Initially, German psychiatrist E.. Kraepelin （1856-1926） used "Consecutive Adding Works"method to carry out experimental research on working psychology （work curve）. Later, in Japan , Dr. Yuzaburo Uchida （1894-1966） created
"Uchida-Kraepelin Mental Working Test",which is suited for use with the general public. But this test is all geared to adults.

The Continuous Adding Works method is a "mathematical test" but rather a method to apply light stimulus to the brain in order to urge mental activity.

The problem, therefore, was how to construct an appropriate mental working test for preschool children; that is , how to achieve the same light degree of stimulus to the brains of preschool as the Consecutive Adding Works method does to the brains of adults.

Beginning in about 1955, for about 3 years I conducted several experiments attempting to solve this problem.

As a result, in 1958 I settled upon the most appropriate method for preschool children: that is , to have them write

marks continuously in rows so as to yield curves as shown in the diagram below. （For test details, refer to "Testing Method"）

　　　　　　〔２〕　　　Consecutive　Adding Works and Markig Method

Figure 1-2 shows an example of completed "Uchida-Kraepelin Mental Working Test" for adults,

〔１〕

〔２〕

In the case of consecutive adding works test for adults, the testing method is carried out as above.

As shown in this example, adjacent numbers （for instance, 5 and 8 ） are added ; the digit in the one's colomn of the sum （in this case ,3） is written between the two numbers added. The next two adjacent numbers are then added （８　and 7）, and the digit from the one's colomn of the sum （５）　is written between the numbers . this process is continued （７ plus 2 yields 9, etc.).

The "Igusa Children 's Mental Working Test" uses a similar testing method, and it is designed to provide a similar level of difficulty for young children as the "Uchida-Kreapelin Mental Working Test" does for adults . Therefore, the adding process is replaced by 　marking method. Both tests employ a similar time frame: 15 minutes of work, 5 minutes of rest , and 15minutes of work.. The result is a working curve that stimulates the working of the brain.

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(Curves　are to be viewed vertically.)

〔3〕　　Ｃｈｉｌｄ　and Mather
（１）

（Ｄａｕｇｈｔｅｒ）making method ー（Ｍａｔｈｅｒ）consecutive adding works method

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　〔Ｌeft　Ｃｕｒｖｅ〕　　　　　　　　　　　　〔Ｒｉｇｔｈ　Ｃｕｒｖｅ〕

　　　Ｉ　　ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　average work amount ratios for the first and second parts of the child's and mother's curves,
then compressed the mother's curve based on that ratio. The following diagrams show the result.

Ｃｈｉｌｄ　and Mother （２）

　　　　　　　　　method =Daughter age 5----Adding method= Mother age 32
　　　　　　　　　　　〔Left Curve〕　　　　　　　　　　　　　　〔Rigth Curve〕

Ｃｈｉｌｄ　ａｎｄ　Ｍｏｔｈｅｒ　　（３）

〔４〕　Ａｂｏｕｔ　ｔｈｅ　Ｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙ　ｏｆ　Ｃｕｒｖｅｓ

On the previous pages, we saw that a parent and child have very similar curves.

The previous three examples showed mothers and childlen. However, if you look at the curves of three generations of the same family, you will find that the child`s curve looks very similar to that of one of the parents, such as a mother and son or a father and daugther.

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Curves with a similar tendency 　（２）

〔Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ　twins ; 6 years old 〕

Curves with a similar tendency （３）

（One man`curves; from age 6 to 24）

just before　Ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ　　　　　　just before Divorce

〔５〕　　Ａ　Ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　”Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ”　Ｃｕｒｖｅｓ　（Ｔｅｉｋｅｉ）

Dr.Uchida named the curves shown by person with normal , healthy life "Teikei （Ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ）”. Figure shows four pairs of "Tipical" curves of adults.

The general characteristics of an average man who displays a "typical curve " , as formulated by Dr. Uchida, are as follows:

（１） When he begins work or assigned a task, he sets to work happily and does his best. He is able to devote himself to the task.
（２） He is a steady worker and , even if tired from working at the same task for long hours, he will continue to work without strain.
（３）　He quickly learns new tasks and makes rapid progress. He is interested in many things and is a tireless worker.
（４）　Ｈｅ　concentrates on the job at hand and is not bothered by external distractions, such as nearby conversations .
（５）　Ｈｅ　makes pertinent responses to unexpected changes.
（６）　Ｈｅ　rarely runs into trouble or experiences an accident.
（７）　Ｈｅ　is good-natured and determined.

"Typical Curves " of Preschool Children

The inclination of "typical curves " samples from young children is identical to the "Teikei curves". As clinical samples indicate , the characteristics shown by these children also match Dr. Uchida 's analysis of the adult "Teikei curve".

〔Ｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｙ　of Typical Curves〕

"Typical Curves"of Preschool Children and Corresponding Traits

(１)　Ｈｅ　ｃａｎ　accurately accomplish an assigned task and requires relatively less supervision.

（２）　He does things for himself even when left unsupervised .

（３）　He　can get along with classmates when playing . He does not pick quarrels with others.

（４）　He is　a leader in his class. He can be placed in charge of a play.

（５）　He has few flaws in character.

〔６〕　　Characters

The Curves of a Schizopherenic（The origin of Uchida-Kraeperin Mental Working Test）

Dr. Uchida　（１８９４－１９６６）　conducted follow-up tests in the method of using the consecutive adding works test by Dr. Emil Kraepelin (German psychiarist) with schizophrenics at Matsuzawa Mental Hospital about 1920.

These show the chronic progress of a schizophrenic psychosis..

Meaning as Indicated by the Curves

The foregoing observations are only a small part of Dr. Uchida's studies on schizophrenia　and their curves. Dr. Uchida also gave the same test to members of the medical staff of Matsuzawa Hospital. Based on these tests,
he found curves among staff members that had the same tendency as those of schizophrenics. However, it was quite improper that the curves of schizophrenics shoud be similar to the curves of persons who were working in general society but whose behavior was a bit eccentric. This contradiction weighed heavily on Dr. Uchida's mind.

〔Ｌｅｆｔ　Ｃｕｒｖｅ〕　a medical staff of Matsuzawa Hospital （Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｉｄｅ）　
　　　the same tendency as the above curves

At the time, he had a copy of the book "Physique and Character" by Ernst Kretschmer , German psychologist. He described human character this way.

Although it is a psychosis, the various features of schizophrenic temperament appear as an inclination of characteristic features in less serious condition to a person of similar nature. The degree of inclination varies with the person.

The schizothymia （Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｉｄｅｓ）is between a normal person and　a person with a psychosis ; it represents a person whose inclination of characteristic features is large.However, there is no clear distinction from the character of a normal person.

Dr. Uchida then observed the befavior of the medical staff members whose curves resembled those of the schizophrenic, taking the features of a Schizoides into consideration . He found the following characteristic features among those members:
　　　
　　　（１）　They are misanthropes and prefer to keep to themselves.
　　　（２）　In spare moments during their work, they stand around with an abstracted air.
　　　（３）　they firmly refuse the help of others.

In comparing these features with those of schizophrenics, a clear similarity can be seen :

　　　（１）　Autism （withdrawal into oneself）
　　　（２）　Work difficulties　（frequent interruptions in thought and work）
　　　（３）　Negativism　（meaningless refusal）

In other words, there are Schizoides who perform creative work although they are of eccrentric conduct in their social life, （like Sir Isaac Newton who died of schizophrenia at an advanced age）.
It has been said that no great genius was ever without a mixture of madness. Accordingly, it is not inconsistent that the curves of exceptional medical staff members are similar to those of schizophrenics. Moreover, it validates Dr. Kretschmer's doctrine of judging from the degree of inclination of characteristic features.

According to the inclination of mental characteristics, the regressions are as under,

　　Schizothymie　-->　Schizoidie　-->　Schizophrenie
　　Ｚｙｋｌｏｔｈｙｍｉｅ　-->　 Zykloidie　--> 　Zyklophrenie（Ｍａｎｉｃ－Ｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｖｅ　Ｐｓｙｃｈｏｓｉｓ）

Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｔｈｙｍｉｃ　Ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙ

　　　　　　（１）　　Ｈe does not take easily or quickly to anything.
　　　　　　（２）　　He is shy ; a lion at home, but a mouse abroad.
　　　　　　（３）　　He likes to play alone and has a small circle of friends.
　　　　　　（４）　　He enjoys daydreaming and has a creative mind.
　　　　　　（５）　　He shows no interest in distasteful work, but is enthusiastic about what he chooses.
　　　　　　（６）　　He displays little emotion but is sensitive in his heart.
　　　　　　（７）　　At first glance, he appears incompetent, but there is a hard core in his character. He is
　　　　　　　　　　　also analytical and critical.
　　　　　　（８）　　He likes to be free from intervention.
　　　　　　（９）　　He is self-reliant.
　　　　　　（10）　He is overly controversial, but is meek when satisfied.
　　　　　　（11) 　 He dosn't initiate conversation, but talks well when spoken to.
　　　　　　（12）　He is pure and honest.
　　　　　　（13）　There is a great difference between the times when the whim is on him and when it is not.
　　　　　　（14）　He is a late riser, in bad temper and out of condition in the morning.
　　　　　　（15）　He is interested in animals, plants, and machinery.
　　　　　　（16）　He likes to think up new things to make but is not especially clever with his hands.
　　　　　　(１７)　　He is not generally in bad health, bud is idle in the daytime.
　　　　　　(１８)　　Though a young child, he likes strong drinks such as tea.
　　　　　　(１９)　　He mutters to himself.
　　　　　　(２０)　 Once he puts his clothes on, he doesn't like to change them.
　　　　　　(２１)　　He often makes mistakes.　　　　　　　　　

Manic- Depressive Personality

　　　　　　(１)　　Ｈｅ　empathizes with others and can join into anything.
　　　　　　(２)　　He is liked by his friends and seems to be enjoing a play.
　　　　　　(３)　　Ｈｅ　ｃａｎ　ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔ　ｏｐｅｎｌｙ with everyone.
　　　　　　(４)　　Ｈｅ　ｉｓ　ｇｅｎｔｌｅ　ａｎｄ　ｌｏｏｋｓ　ｈａｐｐｙ．　
〔During manic period〕
　　　　　　(５)　　He is cheerful and playful.
　　　　　　(６)　　Ｈｅ　ｐｒａｔｅｓ　about and is active.
　　　　　　(７)　　He is a born optimist and makes no bones about anything.
　　　　　　(８)　　He is easy prey to flattery and enjoys merrymaking..
　　　　　　(９)　　He can't concentrate his attention on work..
　　　　　　(10)　He plays pranks but cannot be hated.
〔During depressive period〕
　　　　　　(11)　He is easily moved to tears.
　　　　　　(12)　He relies excessively on others and seeks sympathy.
　　　　　　(13)　He has no confidence in his own ability. He wavers and relies upon the advice of others.
　　　　　　(14)　He is slow to act.
　　　　　　(15)　He is jittery.
　　　　　　(16)　He is gentle and sympathetic.
　　　　　　(17)　He is cooperative but often feels left out. 　〔Ｕｎｌｉｋｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｃｈｉｚｏｔｙｍｉｃ　ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ，　ｈｅ　ｄｏｅ
　　　　　　　　　ｓ’ｎ　ｒｅｆｕｓｅ　ｏｔｈｅｒｓ．〕

Ｈｙｓｔｅｒｉｃａｌ　Ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙ

Back-Home

　　　　　　(１)　　He enjoys being conspicuous.　〔He will sometimes speak in a queer voice.〕
　　　　　　(２)　　He leads easily. 〔He is precocious and cool.〕
　　　　　　(３)　　He is prompt and works quickly. 〔He can be talkative.〕
　　　　　　(４)　　When in good condition, he is very good but can be swayed by sentiment.
　　　　　　(５)　　He pays little attention to himself but is highly attentive to others.
　　　　　　(６)　　He has a violent temper and often gets into a fight.
　　　　　　(７)　　He studies the wishes of the teacher and acts accordingly.
　　　　　　(８)　　He doesn't like to take the time to do things thoroughly. He often jumps to hasty conclusions.
　　　　　　(９)　　He sometimes behaves like an adult and imitates the teachers. He is not guileless.
　　　　　　(10)　 He is selfish and somtimes acts selfishly.
　　　　　　(11) 　He has strong likes and dislikes.
　　　　　　(12) 　He draws brightly colored pictures and uses bold lines.

Viscous Personality 〔Ｅ　ｔｙｐｅ　ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ〕

　　　　　　　(１)　　They strain themselves unnecessarily and get stiff.
　　　　　　　(２)　　They are even-tempered and tenacious. They do things thoroughly.
　　　　　　　(３)　　They paint pictures with great attention to detail.
　　　　　　　(４)　　They are prudent and proceed at their own pace.
　　　　　　　(５)　　They cannot adapt quickly or accommodate themselves to changing situations.
　　　　　　　(６)　　They are usually quite strained internally even though outwardly they appear at ease.
　　　　　　　(７)　　They are energetic.
　　　　　　　(８)　　They stick to rules and routines.
　　　　　　　(９)　　Thier feelings are rather even, but frustration can arouse their temper.
　　　　　　　(10) 　They often demonstrate a lack of confidence though in reality they are steady in ability.
　　　　　　　(11)　 They can do comparatively fine work with figures, but they lack a sense of rythm.
　　　　　　　(12)　 Their regularity is not subject to the control of others.
　　　　　　　(13)　 They are stout and move slowly.
　　　　　　　(14)　 They don't like to be conspicuous and are not daring.f\

Nervousity 〔Ｎ　type character〕

　　　　　　　(1)　　They worry excessively about their physical condition and future prospects.
　　　　　　　(２) 　 They are very considerate, scrupulous, and careful.
　　　　　　　(３)　　Before starting a task, they can't help complaining that they don't know how what to do; once 　　　　　　　　　　started, they keep asking if they are doing well.
　　　　　　　(４)　　They are gentle, obedient, and mild.
　　　　　　　(５)　　They worry about trifles and are maudlin.
　　　　　　　(６)　　They are too shy to speak their mind.
　　　　　　　(７)　　They worry about getting dirty.
　　　　　　　(８)　　They have quick hands but cannot stick to anything.
　　　　　　　(９)　　When playing, they play with others merrily and vigorously.　　　　　

　　　　〔７〕　　　　　Ａ　Ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　Ｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｎ　Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ

　　typical-normal 　　　　　　　　　distorted-medium　　　　　　　　　　nontypical-serious　

　　　The forms of the curves indicate the intensity of inclination in character, judging by appearances of the metamorphoses from "typical"（less inclination in character) to "nontypical"（more inclination in character）.
　　　I would like to briefly discuss what this inclination in character means.

　　　For example, a person with "typical" is like water. Water is neutral and has no peculiarities. It is very adaptable for everyday life; it is good for washing, diluting other substances, or drinkng.
　　　A person with more inclination in character （nontypical）can be likened to a liquid with a high concentration, such as acidity or alkalinity. Such liquids are generally placed in the corner of a laboratory in a bottle marked so as to draw special attention. These liquids have specific uses for which water is unsuited.. For example, water can not melt gold like nitrohydrochloric acid.
　　　A person with a strong sense of individuality migth be disruptive in a social context, but such a person may be capable of getting things done and producing results.

　　　A person's strengthsand weaknesses are not different things. In calling attention to a specific characteristic, we are simply making a random estimation for convenience. This concept can be understood by comparing a man of genius who has more inclination of character to a normal man with less inclination of character.

〔END〕

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Human Characteristics Possessed From Early Childhood Years

Human Characteristics Possessed
　　From Early Childhood Years