2008年、１－２月

Br J Nutr. 2008 Feb 18;:1-8
The effect of ageing with and without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal microbiology and immunology.
Tiihonen K, Tynkkynen S, Ouwehand A, Ahlroos T, Rautonen N.
Danisco A/S, EnteroMix? Research, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik FIN-02460, Finland.
According to the present study more attention should be paid to the development of dietary products that seek to enhance bowel function, saccharolytic fermentation and immune stimulation in the elderly population.

Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Mar;20(3):185-96
Enteric neurodegeneration in ageing.
Camilleri M, Cowen T, Koch TR.
Departments of Medicine and Physiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Mar;53(3):712-8.
Effects of cellulose supplementation on fecal consistency and fecal weight.
Danjo K, Sakamoto J, Iwane S, Tamura K, Nakaji S, Fukuda S, Murakami H, Shimoyama T, Takahashi I, Umeda T.
Department of Social Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
As a result, in the normal defecation group, the mean fecal weight was 222.9 g day(-1) in the first week, and thereafter decreased. Although 20/24 g of fiber intake in the third/fourth week increased the fecal weight to over 150 g, the fecal consistency was still lower than the optimal consistency of around 300 g cm(-2). However, these changes were not observed in the constipated group.

Br J Nutr. 2008 Feb 14;:1-6
Urinary isoflavonoid excretion is similar after consuming soya milk and miso soup in Japanese-American women.
Maskarinec G, Watts K, Kagihara J, Hebshi SM, Franke AA.
Cancer Research Center of Hawai'i, 1236 Lauhala Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
These preliminary results indicate similar UIE after consuming a fermented soya food (miso) as compared to a non-fermented soya food (soya milk). Therefore, recommendations favouring fermented soya foods are not justified as long as the intestinal microflora is capable of hydrolysing the isoflavone glucosides from non-fermented soya foods.

Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Feb;16(2):290-7.
Dietary soy isoflavone-aglycone lowers food intake in female rats with and without ovariectomy.
Kishida T, Mizushige T, Ohtsu Y, Ishikawa S, Nagamoto M, Izumi T, Obata A, Ebihara K.

Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Feb;233(2):229-37.
Influence of lifelong soy isoflavones consumption on bone mass in the rat.
Mardon J, Mathey J, Kati-Coulibaly S, Puel C, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Horcajada MN, Coxam V.
Equipe Alimentation Squelette et Metabolismes, UNH, INRA Clermont-Ferrand/Theix, 63122 Saint Genes-Champanelle, France. jmardon@clermont.inra.fr.
This experiment provides evidence that perinatal exposure to phytoestrogens leads to a higher BMD later in life. It is suggested that these changes may have occurred as a consequence of programming effects, as has been shown for the endocrine and immune systems.

J Nutr. 2008 Feb;138(2):297-304.
Genistein, a soy phytoestrogen, upregulates the expression of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase and lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Si H, Liu D.
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
Our data suggest that genistein has direct genomic effects on the vascular wall that are unrelated to its known actions, leading to increased eNOS expression and NO synthesis, thereby improving hypertension.

Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008 Feb;17(1):67-70.
The relation of soy intake and isoflavone levels in nipple aspirate fluid.
Maskarinec G, Hebshi S, Custer L, Franke AA.
Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA. gertraud@crch.hawaii.edu
These findings show that isoflavonoids are present in breast fluid and may act directly on breast tissue.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Mar 1;227(2):275-83.
Rats fed soy protein isolate (SPI) have impaired hepatic CYP1A1 induction by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a result of interference with aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling.
Singhal R, Badger TM, Ronis MJ.
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
These data suggest that feeding SPI-containing diets antagonizes AhR signaling by a novel mechanism which differs from those established for known AhR antagonists.

J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Jan 9;56(1):119-25.
Cloning, expression, and characterization of two beta-glucosidases from isoflavone glycoside-hydrolyzing Bacillus subtilis natto.
Kuo LC, Lee KT.
Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

Neurosci Res. 2008 Feb;60(2):156-61.
Neuroprotective effects of genistein on dopaminergic neurons in the mice model of Parkinson's disease.
Liu LX, Chen WF, Xie JX, Wong MS.
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, PR China.
These findings provide the first evidence that genistein has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP-induced PD mice and this effect may be attributed to enhancing Bcl-2 gene expression.

Int J Cancer. 2008 Feb 1;122(3):705-10.
A prospective study of vegetarianism and isoflavone intake in relation to breast cancer risk in British women.
Travis RC, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Spencer EA, Roddam AW, Key TJ.
Cancer Research UK, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom. ruth.travis@ceu.ox.ac.uk
In summary, in a population of British women with heterogeneous diets, we found no evidence for a strong association between vegetarian diets or dietary isoflavone intake and risk for breast cancer. (c)

Br J Nutr. 2008 Feb;99(2):240-7.
Inhibition by soya isoflavones of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: possible relevance for the beneficial effects of soya intake.
Rotondo S, Krauze-Brzosko K, Manarini S, Martelli N, Pecce R, Evangelista V, Benedetta Donati M, Cerletti C.
Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy.

J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Feb;104(2):305-44.
Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics.
Macfarlane GT, Steed H, Macfarlane S.
Dundee University Gut Group, Ninewells Hospital Medical School, Dundee, UK. g.t.macfarlane@dundee.ac.uk

J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Feb 27;56(4):1501-10.
Pectin Does Not Inhibit Intestinal Carcinogenesis in APC-Deficient Min/+ Mice.
Jacobasch G, Dongowski G, Florian S, Muller-Schmehl K, Raab B, Schmiedl D.
G.K.Jacobasch@t-online.de.

Br J Nutr. 2008 Jan 15;:1-8
Consumption of fructo-oligosaccharide reduces 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity in mice.
Watanabe J, Sasajima N, Aramaki A, Sonoyama K.
Creative Research Initiative ‘Sousei’, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.

Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008 Feb;294(2):G540-7.
Prebiotic oligosaccharides and the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in rats.
van Meer H, Boehm G, Stellaard F, Vriesema A, Knol J, Havinga R, Sauer PJ, Verkade HJ.
Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Dept. of Pediatrics, CMC IV, Rm. Y4.107a, Univ. Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. h.j.verkade@med.umcg.nl).

Anaerobe. 2008 Feb;14(1):29-34.
Prebiotic effectiveness of inulin extracted from edible burdock.
Li D, Kim JM, Jin Z, Zhou J.
Food Science and Technology, Jiang Nan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122,China.

Br J Nutr. 2008 Mar;99(3):472-80.
Dietary inulin affects the expression of intestinal enterocyte iron transporters, receptors and storage protein and alters the microbiota in the pig intestine.
Tako E, Glahn RP, Welch RM, Lei X, Yasuda K, Miller DD.
Department of Food Science.

J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008 Feb;18(2):338-42.
Screening of Lactobacilli Derived from Chicken Feces and Partial Characterization of Lactobacillus acidophilus A12 as an Animal Probiotics.
Lee NK, Yun CW, Kim SW, Chang HI, Kang CW, Paik HD.
Division of Animal Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.

Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;24(2):184-9.
Enteral feeding.
Delegge MH.
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

J Food Sci. 2008 Mar;73(2):M75-81.
Proteolytic profiles and angiotensin-I converting enzyme and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities of selected lactic acid bacteria.
Ramchandran L, Shah NP.
Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science, School of Molecular Sciences,Victoria Univ., Werribee Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia.

J Food Sci. 2008 Mar;73(2):M62-6.
Fermentation of reconstituted skim milk supplemented with soy protein isolate by probiotic organisms.
Pham TT, Shah NP.
School of Molecular Sciences, Victoria Univ., Werribee Campus, P.O. Box 14428,Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
Utilization of lactose and production of organic acid were determined in reconstituted skim milk (RSM) and RSM supplemented with soy protein isolate (SPI) (RSMS) by 6 probiotic organisms, including L. acidophilus 4461, L. acidophilus 4962, L. casei 290, L. casei 2607, B. animalis subsp. lactis bb12, and B. longum 20099. All 6 probiotic organisms produced significantly more acetic acid in RSMS than RSM. However, the viable microbial populations in RSMS were lower than those in RSM due to lower pH of the former. It appears that addition of SPI enhanced lactose utilization and acetic acid production but slightly reduced the lactic acid production and the growth of probiotic microorganisms.

Lancet. 2008 Feb 23;371(9613):634-5.
Probiotics in severe acute pancreatitis.
Sand J, Nordback I.
Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, FIN-33521 Tampere, Finland. juhani.sand@pshp.fi

Biotechnol J. 2008 Feb;3(2):245-51.
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium.
Kodali VP, Sen R.
Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
The results showed that the EPS, which is a heteropolymer composed of four monosaccharides, produced by B. coagulans RK-02 had significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.

J Environ Sci Health B. 2008 Feb;43(2):193-8.
Extracellular antimutagenic activities of selected probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. as a function of growth phase.
Chalova VI, Lingbeck JM, Kwon YM, Ricke SC.
Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety and Microbiology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.

Am J Perinatol. 2008 Feb;25(2):111-8.
Microbiology and management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Brook I.
Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine,Washington, D.C.

Ann Nutr Metab. 2008 Jan 30;52(1):29-36
Influence of Probiotic and Conventional Yoghurt on the Status of Vitamins B(1), B(2) and B(6 )in Young Healthy Women.
Fabian E, Majchrzak D, Dieminger B, Meyer E, Elmadfa I.
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
The results of the present study indicate that daily consumption of 200 g of both, probiotic and conventional yoghurt for 2 weeks can contribute to the total intake of vitamin B(1) and B(2) reflected by increased levels of plasma thiamine and free riboflavin in healthy women. The diminished plasma FAD and increased FMN concentrations, observed during the period of daily yoghurt consumption in both groups, may be the result of enhanced immune function and an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance, caused by the daily intake of lactic acid
bacteria. Since the long term status parameters of all three investigated vitamins (B(1), B(2), B(6)) remained unaffected during the investigation the changes in plasma concentrations seem more likely the result of regular yoghurt consumption as a fermented dairy product, rather than of the specific intake of probiotic bacteria. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;42(3):239-243.
Yogurt Containing Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 Helps Resolve Moderate Diarrhea and Increases CD4 Count in HIV/AIDS Patients.
Anukam KC, Osazuwa EO, Osadolor HB, Bruce AW, Reid G.
*Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin †Chidak Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, 200 M. M. Way, Benin City ‡Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100 §Department of Chemical pathology, Central Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria ∥Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, 268 Grosvenor Street ¶Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.

J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Feb;104(2):305-44.
Bacterial metabolism and health-related effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and other prebiotics.
Macfarlane GT, Steed H, Macfarlane S.
Dundee University Gut Group, Ninewells Hospital Medical School, Dundee, UK.g.t.macfarlane@dundee.ac.uk

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Apr 1;27(7):531-41.
Review article: nitric oxide from dysbiotic bacterial respiration of nitrate in the pathogenesis and as a target for therapy of ulcerative colitis.
Roediger WE.
University of Adelaide Department of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia. bill.roediger@adelaide.edu.au
The prolonged production of bacterial NO with sulphide can explain the initiation and barrier breakdown, which is central to the pathogenesis of UC. Therapies to alter bacterial nitrate respiration and NO production need to evolve. The production of NO by colonic bacteria and that of the mucosa need to be separated to pinpoint the sequential nature of NO damage in UC.

Lett Appl Microbiol. 2008 Mar;46(3):331-7.
In vitro inhibitory activity of probiotic spore-forming bacilli against genotoxins.
Cenci G, Caldini G, Trotta F, Bosi P.
Dipartimento Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Universita di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
Antigenotoxicity was observed in vegetative cells, but not heat-treated cells or spore suspensions. The spectroscopic properties of compounds were modified after cell co-incubation and all the strains maintained high viability after exposure to the genotoxins. Conclusions: No relevant differences in antigenotoxicity were evidenced among strains of the examined species or between probiotic and collection strains. Significance and Impact of the Study: Although derived from an in vitro model, the results suggest that Bacillus-based probiotics could be useful for reducing the gastrointestinal risk originating from genotoxic agents.

Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 1;46 Suppl 2:S92-5;
Preclinical testing in the development of probiotics: a regulatory perspective with Bacillus strains as an example.
Sorokulova I.
Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Science, Kiev, Ukraine. sorokib@vetmed.auburn.edu
Future progress in probiotics requires more studies to determine the mechanisms of their action, as well as an
understanding of the basis and mechanisms of pathogenicity for different probiotic strains. Special attention should be given to recombinant probiotics, particularly in the formulation of criteria for selection of the host strain, for assessment of environmental safety, and for tracing the fate of recombinant DNA in vitro and in vivo.

Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 1;46 Suppl 2:S87-91;
Mechanisms of action of probiotics.
Walker WA.
Division of Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. wwalker@partners.org

Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 1;46 Suppl 2:S67-72;
Probiotics in the United States.
Vanderhoof JA, Young R.
Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

This article will review the uses of probiotics in the United States, as well as the current state of regulatory issues surrounding probiotics. Although the use and scientific understanding of probiotics are rapidly increasing, it is evident that there is a need to clarify the regulatory issues, which, at present, are unclear and subject to misinterpretation. In addition to efficacy, safety issues must be considered in determining when and how probiotics are to be used.

J Environ Qual. 2008 Feb 20;37(3):615-22.
Alcohol, volatile Fatty Acid, phenol, and methane emissions from dairy cows and fresh manure.
Sun H, Trabue SL, Scoggin K, Jackson WA, Pan Y, Zhao Y, Malkina IL, Koziel JA, Mitloehner FM.
Dep. of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, 3060 Bainer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008 Feb;72(2):572-6.
Voluntary running exercise alters microbiota composition and increases n-butyrate concentration in the rat cecum.
Matsumoto M, Inoue R, Tsukahara T, Ushida K, Chiji H, Matsubara N, Hara H.
Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
The effects of voluntary wheel-running exercise on cecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production were investigated in rats. The microbiota composition was notably different between the exercised and sedentary rats. Furthermore, the exercised rats showed a significantly higher n-butyrate concentration than the sedentary rats. This alteration of the cecal microbial environment may contribute to the beneficial effect of exercise on gastrointestinal disorders.

Ann Nutr Metab. 2008 Jan 30;52(1):1-7
Feeding Potato Flakes Affects Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Microflora and Fecal Bile Acids in Rats.
Han KH, Hayashi N, Hashimoto N, Shimada KI, Sekikawa M, Noda T, Fukushima M.
Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.
The results indicate that potato flakes act like resistant starch and raise bowel SCFA, probably through anaerobic bacterial activities and fermentation of residual starch. These actions are helpful for the improvement of the colonic environment. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Br J Nutr. 2008 Jan 21;:1-9
Bacterial population dynamics and faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in healthy humans.
McOrist AL, Abell GC, Cooke C, Nyland K.
Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia.
Average total SCFA concentrations over
12 weeks ranged from 36.9 to 144.4 mmol/kg in 48 h specimens and faecal butyrate concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 48.5 mmol/kg. Two individuals with butyrate concentrations below 10 mmol/kg were considered to be 'low butyrate types' and may represent an at-risk population for bowel health. Dietary fat, sugar and carbohydrate showed weak correlation with SCFA (R - 0.612, P = 0.015; R 0.607, P = 0.016; R 0.610, P = 0.016, respectively) and butyrate concentrations (R - 0.593, P = 0.02; R 0.504, P = 0.054; R 0.528, P = 0.043, respectively). Multivariate analysis of DGGE bacterial profiles demonstrated concise and repeated grouping of intra-individual samples, but these were combined with distinct inter-individual differences (analysis of similarities
P < 0.001, R >/= 0.99) The exact relationship of these SCFA values to the overall bacterial profiles and SCFA-producer bacterial groups was not direct nor linear.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 15;27(2):104-19.
Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function.
Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost FJ, Brummer RJ.
Although most
studies point towards beneficial effects of butyrate, more human in vivo studies are needed to contribute to our current understanding of butyrate-mediated effects on colonic function in health and disease.

Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008 Mar;12(3):301-12.
Gut microflora: a new target for therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease.
Mitsuyama K, Sata M.
Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Asahi-machi 67, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.ibd@med.kurume-u.ac.jp
Altering the composition of intestinal microflora through prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics may improve the
clinical outcome of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Nutrition. 2008 Feb 8
Autoantibodies against appetite-regulating peptide hormones and neuropeptides:Putative modulation by gut microflora.
Fetissov SO, Hamze Sinno M, Coeffier M, Bole-Feysot C, Ducrotte P, Hokfelt T, Dechelotte P.
Digestive System and Nutrition Laboratory (ADEN EA3234), Institute of Biomedical Research, Rouen University and Hospital, IFRMP23, Rouen, France.
Healthy humans and rats display autoantibodie directed against appetite-regulating peptide hormones and neuropeptides, suggesting that these autoantibodies may have physiologic implications in hunger and satiety pathways. Gut-related antigens including the intestinal microflora may influence production of theses autoantibodies, suggesting a new link between the gut and appetite control.

Am J Perinatol. 2008 Feb;25(2):111-8.
Microbiology and management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Brook I.
Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
The predominant organisms include Enterobacteriaceae (i.e., ESCHERICHIA COLI, KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE) ,
CLOSTRIDIUM spp., enteric pathogens (salmonellae, Coxsackie B2 virus, coronavirus, rotavirus), and potential pathogens ( BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS). The goals of the initial management is preventing ongoing damage, restoring hemostasis, and minimizing complications. Medical management includes withholding oral feeding, placement of nasogastric tube, abdominal decompression, paracentesis, vigorous intravenous hydration containing electrolytes and calories, support of the circulation, administration of antibiotics, and surveillance for deterioration or complications that require surgical intervention. Indications for surgery include clinical deterioration, perforation, peritonitis, obstruction, and abdominal mass. Prevention remains crucial to decrease the incidence of NEC. Preventive methods include cautious feeding regimens, the use of maternal breast milk, and the use of probiotics.

Pathol Biol (Paris). 2008 Jan 4
Role of gut microflora in the development of obesity and insulin resistance following high-fat diet feeding.
Cani PD, Delzenne NM, Amar J, Burcelin R.
Unit of Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology, universite catholique de Louvain, avenue E. Mounier, 73/69, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Molecular Medicine Rangueil (I2MR), Inserm U858, IFR31, hopital Rangueil, B.P. 84225, 31432 cedex 4 Toulouse, France.
The present review discusses new findings that may explain how gut microbiota can be involved in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Recently, studies have highlighted some key aspects of the mammalian host-gut microbial relationship. Gut microbiota could now be considered as a "microbial organ" localized within the host. Therefore, specific strategies aiming to regulate gut microbiota could be useful means to reduce the impact of high-fat feeding on the occurrence of metabolic diseases.

J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Mar;83(3):461-6.
The re-emerging role of the intestinal microflora in critical illness and inflammation: why the gut hypothesis of sepsis syndrome will not go away.
Alverdy JC, Chang EB.
Laboratory for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, 5841 S. Maryland MC 6090, Chicago, IL 60025, USA. jalverdy@surgery.bsd.uchicago.edu.
The role of microbes in systemic inflammatory states, such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, as well as in primary intestinal mucosal diseases, such as necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and ischemia-reperfusion injury, can now be more completely defined, and the microbial genes that mediate the immune activation during these disorders can be identified. The 2008 roadmap initiative at the National Institutes of Health to fully define the human microbiome is further testament to the power of this technology and the importance of understanding how intestinal microbes, their genes, and their gene products affect the course of human disease and inflammation.

J Control Release. 2008 Jan 22;125(2):77-86.
Biorelevant dissolution testing of colon-specific delivery systems activated by colonic microflora.
Yang L.
Kalypsys Inc., 10420 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.lyang@kalypsys.com

J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008 Jan 22;46(2):356-61.
Capillary electrophoresis for short chain organic acids in faeces Reference values in a Mediterranean elderly population.
Garcia A, Olmo B, Lopez-Gonzalvez A, Cornejo L, Ruperez FJ, Barbas C.
Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Monteprincipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Feb;14(2):147-61.
Active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can be specifically diagnosed and monitored based on the biostructure of the fecal flora.
Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V, Vaneechoutte M, Doerffel Y.
Humboldt University, Charite Hospital, Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Polymicrobial Infections and Bacterial Biofilms, Berlin, Germany.
The fecal flora is highly structured and spatially organized. Diagnosing IBD and monitoring disease activity can be performed based on analysis of punched fecal cylinders independent from the patient's complaints.(Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007).

J Anim Sci. 2008 Feb;86(2):316-23.
Effects of dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides on the intestinal microflora of horses subjected to a sudden change in diet.
Respondek F, Goachet AG, Julliand V.
Beghin-Meiji, 67390 Marckolsheim, France. frederique.respondek@syral.fr
The addition of barley to the control diet caused substantial changes in the colonic microflora, such as increases (P < 0.05) in the concentration in total anaerobes, lactobacilli, streptococci, and lactate-utilizing bacteria. The scFOS supplementation reduced the barley intake-related changes. In contrast to the control diet, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus populations did not increase. Although the colonic d-lactate concentration increased (P < 0.05) after the meal of barley in the control group, it did not accumulate with scFOS supplementation. These data indicate that a scFOS supplementation would be effective in reducing disruptions of the microbial populations in the equine hindgut under stressful situations like acute starch overloads.

Br J Nutr. 2008 Mar;99(3):462-71.
Oligosaccharides from human milk influence growth-related characteristics of intestinally transformed and non-transformed intestinal cells.
Kuntz S, Rudloff S, Kunz C.
Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Wilhelmstrasse 20, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
We observed growth inhibition induced by neutral and acidic HMO fractions in HT-29, Caco-2 and HIEC cells in a dose dependent manner. However, the effects varied between cell lines, i.e. HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were more sensitive than HIEC cells. In HT-29, all 16 individual neutral and acidic oligosaccharides except from the two fucosyllactoses had an inhibitory effect on cell growth. Regarding the induction of differentiation in HT-29 and HIEC cells a threshold concentration was observed at 7.5 mg/ml for neutral and acidic HMO fractions. Among individual oligosaccharides, only sialyllactoses induced differentiation in HT-29 and HIEC cells; no effect neither of fractions nor of individual oligosaccharides was found in Caco-2 cells. A strong induction of apoptosis was only detected in HT-29 and HIEC cells for neutral oligosaccharide but not for acidic fractions. HMO were shown to induce growth inhibition in intestinal cells through two different mechanisms, by suppressing cell cycle progression through induction of differentiation and/or by influencing apoptosis. As the development and maturation of digestive and absorptive processes depend on differentiation our experiments show that oligosaccharides are effective at influencing various stages in gastrointestinal development in vitro.

Br J Nutr. 2008 Mar;99(3):472-80.
Dietary inulin affects the expression of intestinal enterocyte iron transporters, receptors and storage protein and alters the microbiota in the pig intestine.
Tako E, Glahn RP, Welch RM, Lei X, Yasuda K, Miller DD.
Department of Food Science.
Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of DMT1, Dcytb, ferroportin, ferritin, transferrin receptor (TfR) and mucin genes. DMT1, Dcytb, ferroportin, ferritin and TfR mRNA levels in duodenal samples were significantly higher in the inulin group (P </= 0.05) compared with the control. In colon, DMT1, TfR and ferritin mRNA levels significantly increased in the inulin group. Additionally, the caecal content microflora was examined using 16S rDNA targeted probes from bacterial DNA. The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations were significantly increased in the inulin group (P </= 0.05) compared with the control group. These results indicate that dietary inulin might trigger an up regulation of genes encoding for Fe transporters in the enterocyte. The specific mechanism for this effect remains to be elucidated.

Int J Oncol. 2008 Mar;32(3):609-17.
Colorectal carcinogenesis in germ-free and conventionally reared rats: Different intestinal environments affect the systemic immunity.
Vannucci L, Stepankova R, Kozakova H, Fiserova A, Rossmann P, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H.
Laboratory of Natural Cell Immunity, Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic. vannucci@biomed.cas.cz.
We hypothesize that the lower antigenic challenge and the absence of the 'physiological inflammation', caused by the commensal microbiota in the gut of CV rats, may enhance the capability of the GF rats to develop more efficacious anticancer
immune responses. The different levels of tolerance/regulatory mechanisms in
GF versus the CV animals may modulate the anticancer response not only at the
mucosal but also at the systemic immunity level.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Feb 12;105(6):2193-7.
Commensal microbiota is fundamental for the development of inflammatory pain.
Amaral FA, Sachs D, Costa VV, Fagundes CT, Cisalpino D, Cunha TM, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ, Silva TA, Nicoli JR, Vieira LQ, Souza DG, Teixeira MM.
Department of Bioquimica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte,Brazil.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008 Feb;72(2):572-6.
Voluntary running exercise alters microbiota composition and increases n-butyrate concentration in the rat cecum.
Matsumoto M, Inoue R, Tsukahara T, Ushida K, Chiji H, Matsubara N, Hara H.
Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
The effects of voluntary wheel-running exercise on cecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production were investigated in rats. The microbiota composition was notably different between the exercised and sedentary rats. Furthermore, the exercised rats showed a significantly higher n-butyrate concentration than the sedentary rats. This alteration of the cecal microbial environment may contribute to the beneficial effect of exercise on gastrointestinal disorders.

Environ Microbiol. 2008 Mar;10(3):789-98.
Culture-independent analysis of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer and polyposis.
Scanlan PD, Shanahan F, Clune Y, Collins JK, O'Sullivan GC, O'Riordan M, Holmes E, Wang Y, Marchesi JR.
Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
A significantlyincreased diversity of the Clostridium leptum and C. coccoides subgroups was also noted for both disease groups. A clear division in the metabonome was observed for the colorectal cancer and polypectomized subjects compared with control volunteers. The intestinal microbiota and their metabolites are
significantly altered in both colorectal cancer and polypectomized subjects compared with controls.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Mar;74(5):1469-77.
Isolation and characterization of human intestinal bacteria capable of transforming the dietary carcinogen
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.
Vanhaecke L, Vercruysse F, Boon N, Verstraete W, Cleenwerck I, De Wachter M, De Vos P, van de Wiele T.
Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.

Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 1;46 Suppl 2:S80-6;
Impact of the intestinal microbiota on the development of mucosal defense.
Gaskins HR, Croix JA, Nakamura N, Nava GM.
Departments of Animal Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. hgaskins@uiuc.edu
Recent analyses of the gastrointestinal microbiota by use of molecular-based methods indicate that bacterial populations vary substantially among but appear relatively stable within individuals.
These observations raise many important questions about the role of the normal microbiota in the development of both the innate and the adaptive immune systems of the host and about how perturbations in this relationship may contribute to various intestinal or immunologic disorders. Here, 3 critical issues pertaining to the intestinal microbiota are briefly reviewed: what are the microbes, where are the microbes, and what controls the composition of the microbiota.

Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Feb;6(2):121-31.
Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis.
Flint HJ, Bayer EA, Rincon MT, Lamed R, White BA.
Microbial Ecology Group, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK. h.flint@rri.sari.ac.uk
The microbiota of the mammalian intestine depend largely on dietary polysaccharides as energy sources. Most of these polymers are not degradable by the host, but herbivores can derive 70% of their energy intake from microbial breakdown--a classic example of mutualism. Moreover, dietary polysaccharides that reach the human large intestine have a major impact on gut microbial ecology and health. Insight into the molecular mechanisms by which different gut bacteria use polysaccharides is, therefore, of fundamental importance. Genomic analyses of the gut microbiota could revolutionize our understanding of these mechanisms and provide new biotechnological tools for the conversion of polysaccharides, including lignocellulosic biomass, into monosaccharides.

J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Feb;46(2):757-8.
Early impairment of gut function and gut flora supporting a role for alteration of gastrointestinal mucosa in human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis.
Gori A, Tincati C, Rizzardini G, Torti C, Quirino T, Haarman M, Ben Amor K, van Schaik J, Vriesema A, Knol J, Marchetti G, Welling G, Clerici M.
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Solferino 16-20052, Milan, Italy. andrea.gori@unimib.it
Our results show that impairment of the gastrointestinal tracts in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is present in the early phases of HIV disease. This impairment is associated with alterations in gut microbiota and intestinal inflammatory parameters. These findings support the hypothesis that alterations at the gastrointestinal-tract level are a key factor in HIV pathogenesis.

Allergol Int. 2008 Mar;57(1):65-71.
Gut microbiota of children living in rural South Thailand and urban singapore.
Mah KW, Sangsupawanich P, Tunyapanit W, van Bever H, Shek LP, Chua KY, Lee BW.
Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Hat Yai, Thailand.
Certain fecal microbial counts were higher in rural children compared with urban children in South East Asia. Several contrasting home environmental conditions and practices were also identified. These may serve as a basis for future investigation of lifestyle factors underlying the global gradient of the increasing trends of allergic diseases.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Feb;74(3):783-91.
Application of methods for identifying broiler chicken gut bacterial species linked with increased energy metabolism.
Torok VA, Ophel-Keller K, Loo M, Hughes RJ.
SARDI, Plant and Soil Health, Plant Research Centre, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia. torok.valeria@saugov.sa.gov.au

Environ Microbiol. 2008 Mar;10(3):709-15.
The Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 do not affect the intestinal microbiota composition in mice.
Loh G, Brodziak F, Blaut M.
German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. loh@dife.de

J Appl Microbiol. 2008 Feb;104(2):595-604.
Effects of yogurt and bifidobacteria supplementation on the colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects.
He T, Priebe MG, Zhong Y, Huang C, Harmsen HJ, Raangs GC, Antoine JM, Welling GW, Vonk RJ.
Center for Medical Biomics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
The results suggest that supplementation modifies the amount and metabolic activities of the colonic microbiota and alleviates symptoms in lactose-intolerant subjects. The changes in the colonic microbiota might be among the factors modified by the supplementation which lead to the alleviation of lactose intolerance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides evidence for the possibility of managing lactose
intolerance with dietary lactose (yogurt) and probiotics via modulating the colonic microbiota.

Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Feb;103(2):386-96.
IgG antibodies against common gut bacteria are more diagnostic for Crohn's disease than IgG against mannan or flagellin.
Adams RJ, Heazlewood SP, Gilshenan KS, O'Brien M, McGuckin MA, Florin TH.
IBD Team, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Australia.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2008 Feb;93(1-2):141-9.
Effect of organic acids on inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in gnotobiotic mice associated with infant intestinal microbiota.
Momose Y, Hirayama K, Itoh K.
Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan, akikuji@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.