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Clin Radiol. 2008 Dec;63(12):1326-31.
Blinded comparison of faecal loading on plain radiography versus radio-opaque marker transit studies in the assessment of constipation.
Cowlam S, Vinayagam R, Khan U, Marsden S, Minty I, Moncur P, Bain I, Yiannakou YJ.
Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK.

Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;8(6):724-8.
Pharmacologic treatment of constipation: what is new?
Pohl D, Tutuian R, Fried M.
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, Spital Uster, Uster, Switzerland.
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal disease affecting 2-27% of the population in Western hemisphere. Treatment of chronic functional constipation primarily addresses education on toilet habits, dietary advice, and patient reassurance. Traditionally, the pharmacologic treatment of constipation uses primarily bulking agents and/or laxatives (osmotic or secretory). However, often these therapies do not provide the desired
improvement, have a short-lived efficacy and/or are accompanied by side-effects such as bloating and abdominal cramps. Thus, there is a clinical need for new, more potent drugs particularly for patients who are not satisfactorily treated by conventional therapies. This review discusses recent developments in the pharmacologic treatment of chronic constipation including recently FDA-approved lubiprostone, emerging 5-HT receptors modifiers, investigational substances, and probiotics.

Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008 Dec;7(6):633-7.
Microbiology of gallbladder bile in uncomplicated symptomatic cholelithiasis.
Abeysuriya V, Deen KI, Wijesuriya T, Salgado SS.
Department of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ragama, Sri Lanka. vasitha76@hotmail.com.
We performed a case control study of 70 bile samples Thirty-eight (54%) of the 70 patients with gallstones had bacterial isolates. Nine isolates (26%) were from cholesterol stone-containing bile and 29 isolates (82%) from pigment stone-containing bile (P=0.01, t test). Twenty-eight of these 38 (74%) bile samples were shown positive only after enrichment in brain heart infusion medium (BHI) (P=0.02, t test). The overall bacterial isolates from bile samples revealed E. coli predominantly, followed by P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and S. epidermidis. There were no bacterial isolates in the bile of controls after either direct inoculation or enrichment in BHI. Bacterial isolates were found in pigment stone-containing bile. Non-lithogenic bile revealed no bacteria, showing an association between gallstone formation and the presence of bacteria in bile. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated organisms were similar irrespective of the type of stone.

J Nutr. 2009 Jan;139(1):158-62.
Cell and molecular aspects of human intestinal biotin absorption.
Said HM.
University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. hmsaid@uci.edu

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Dec;126 Suppl 1:S57-68.
Effects of dietary iron levels on growth performance, hematological status, iver mineral concentration, fecal microflora, and diarrhea incidence in weanling pigs.
Lee SH, Shinde P, Choi J, Park M, Ohh S, Kwon IK, Pak SI, Chae BJ.
Department of Animal Resource Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.

J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Jan;20(1):70-7.
Bacterial population and innate immunity-related genes in rat gastrointestinal tract are altered by vitamin A-deficient diet.
Amit-Romach E, Uni Z, Cheled S, Berkovich Z, Reifen R.
Department of Animal Science, The Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
Vitamin A and its derivatives have been shown to regulate the growth and differentiation of gastrointestinal epithelial cells; in addition, vitamin A deficiency has been convincingly shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Results show a decrease in the relative proportion of Lactobacillus spp. and the simultaneous appearance of Escherichia coli strains. Lack of vitamin A significantly changed mucin (MUC) dynamics, as reflected by the enlarged goblet-cell "cup" area relative to controls; decreased MUC2 mRNA expression in the jejunum, ileum and colon of VAD rats and increased MUC3 mRNA expression in the ileum and colon of these rats. In addition, vitamin A deficiency down-regulated defensin 6 mRNA expression while up-regulating toll-like receptors 2 and 5 mRNA expressions. The current study indicates that vitamin A deficiency interferes with the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier.

Microbiology. 2009 Jan;155(Pt 1):285-94.
Mechanism of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid formation in human faecal suspensions and pure cultures of intestinal bacteria.
McIntosh FM, Shingfield KJ, Devillard E, Russell WR, Wallace RJ.
Gut Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 30;105(52):20858-63.
Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface.
Vaishnava S, Behrendt CL, Ismail AS, Eckmann L, Hooper LV.
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Our findings establish that gut epithelia actively sense enteric bacteria and play an essential role in maintaining host-microbial homeostasis at the mucosal interface.

Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008 Dec;58(Pt 12):2799-802.
Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, butyrate-producing bacterium isolated from the caecal content of a broiler chicken.
Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F, Teirlynck E, Pasmans F, Fievez V, Snauwaert C, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Louis P, Vandamme P.
Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.

FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008 Dec;66(3):556-66.
Effect of barley and oat cultivars with different carbohydrate compositions on the intestinal bacterial communities in weaned piglets.
Pieper R, Jha R, Rossnagel B, Van Kessel AG, Souffrant WB, Leterme P.
Research Unit for Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Dummerstorf, Germany.

Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008 Dec;37(4):857-71.
The microbes of the intestine: an introduction to their metabolic and signaling capabilities.
Hsiao WW, Metz C, Singh DP, Roth J.
Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, HSF-II, Room S-431, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

J Med Microbiol. 2008 Dec;57(Pt 12):1560-8.
Intra-individual diversity and similarity of salivary and faecal microbiota.
Maukonen J, Matto J, Suihko ML, Saarela M.
VTT Technical Research Centre, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
The predominant bacterial microbiota, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale group and bifidobacterial populations, were generally stable in salivary and faecal samples, with the greater diversity seen in faeces. Furthermore, different species predominated at the two different sites. Lactobacillus group DGGE profiles were unstable, yet the intra-individual profiles from faecal and salivary samples collected at the same time resembled each other. The ingested probiotic product did not affect the stability of the bacterial groups studied. The culture-based analysis showed that most subjects harboured identical indigenous Lactobacillus genotypes in saliva and faeces (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum group). Thus, identical indigenous lactobacilli were able to inhabit both ends of the orogastrointestinal tract, whereas the composition of the other bacterial groups studied varied between the two sites.

Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Nov 13;4(5):447-57.
Mucosal glycan foraging enhances fitness and transmission of a saccharolytic human gut bacterial symbiont.
Martens EC, Chiang HC, Gordon JI.
Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.

Eur J Nutr. 2008 Dec;47(8):442-52.
Factors affecting the conversion of apple polyphenols to phenolic acids and fruit matrix to short-chain fatty acids by human faecal microbiota in vitro.
Bazzocco S, Mattila I, Guyot S, Renard CM, Aura AM.
VTT, Technical Research Center of Finland, VTT, Finland.

Environ Microbiol. 2008 Dec;10(12):3275-83.
The species composition of the human intestinal microbiota differs between particle-associated and liquid phase communities.
Walker AW, Duncan SH, Harmsen HJ, Holtrop G, Welling GW, Flint HJ.
Microbial Ecology Group, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
Analysis of 1252 PCR-amplified 16S rRNA sequences revealed a significantly lower percentage of Bacteroidetes (P = 0.021) and a significantly higher percentage of Firmicutes (P = 0.029) among bacterial sequences amplified from particle-associated (mean 76.8% Firmicutes, 18.5% Bacteroidetes) compared with liquid phase (mean 65.8% Firmicutes, 28.5% Bacteroidetes). Within the Firmicutes, the most significant association with solid particles was found for relatives of Ruminococcus-related clostridial cluster IV species that include Ruminococcus flavefaciens and R. bromii, which together accounted for 12.2% of particle-associated, but only 3.3% of liquid phase, sequences. These findings were strongly supported by microscopy, using group-specific FISH probes able to detect these species. This work suggests that the primary colonizers of insoluble substrates found in the gut are restricted to certain specialized groups of bacteria. The abundance of such primary degraders may often be underestimated because of the difficulty in recovering these bacteria and their nucleic acids from the insoluble substrate.

FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008 Dec;66(3):630-6.
Coaggregation between and among human intestinal and oral bacteria.
Ledder RG, Timperley AS, Friswell MK, Macfarlane S, McBain AJ.
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Coaggregation is believed to facilitate the integration of new bacterial species into polymicrobial communities. While 40% of possible partnerships coaggregated strongly for oral strains, strong interactions between oral and gut strains were considerably less common (4% incidence). Coaggregation scores were also weak between members of the intestinal microbiota (7% incidence), apart from Bacteroides fragilis with Clostridium perfringens, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis with C. perfringens. Oral and intestinal bacteria did not strongly interact, apart from B. adolescentis with Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii with C. perfringens and F. nucleatum with Lactobacillus paracasei. Heating and sugar-addition experiments indicated that similar to oral microorganisms, interactions within intestinal bacteria and between intestinal and oral strains were mediated by lectin-carbohydrate interactions.

Nat Prod Res. 2008 Dec;22(18):1637-49.
The effects of soy isoflavone on insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in insulin resistant rats administered with high-fat diet.
Zhang HM, Chen SW, Zhang LS, Feng XF.
Henan Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, PR China.

Apoptosis. 2009 Jan;14(1):66-76.
Isoflavone genistein protects human vascular endothelial cells against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis through the p38beta mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Si H, Liu D.
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.

J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Nov 12;56(21):10078-84.
Novel process of fermenting black soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] yogurt with dramatically reduced flatulence-causing oligosaccharides but enriched soy phytoalexins.
Feng S, Saw CL, Lee YK, Huang D.
Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543. chmhdj@nus.edu.sg
Black soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] were germinated under fungal stress with food grade R. oligosporus for 3 days and were homogenized and fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to produce soy yogurt. In soy yogurt, the concentrations of total KODES and total glyceollins were 0.678 mg/g (dry matter) and 0.953 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of other isoflavones (mainly genistein and daidzein and their derivatives) in soy yogurt remained largely unchanged after the processes compared with the control soy yogurt. Germination of black soybean under fungal stress for 3 days was sufficient to reduce stachyose and raffinose (which cause flatulence) by 92 and 80%, respectively. With a pH value of 4.42, a lactic acid content of 0.262%, and a maximum viable cell count of 2.1 x 10 (8) CFU/mL in the final soy yogurt, soy milk from germinated soybeans under fungal stress was concluded to be a suitable medium for yogurt-making. The resulting soy yogurt had significantly altered micronutrient profiles with significantly reduced oligosaccharides and enriched glyceollins.

Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Dec;52(12):1457-66.
Genistein- and daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucuronic acid retain the ability to inhibit copper-mediated lipid oxidation of low density lipoprotein.
Kgomotso T, Chiu F, Ng K.
Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2008 Dec;151(2-3):452-63.
Biomolecules and nutritional quality of soymilk fermented with probiotic yeast and bacteria.
Rekha CR, Vijayalakshmi G.
Department of Food Microbiology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
Soymilk was fermented with five isolates of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and in combination with probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii. Polyphenol content decreased from 265.88 to 119 microg/ml with different cultures. Protein hydrolysis ranged from 2.46 to 2.83 mmol l(-1) with different cultures. The antioxidant activity varied with the starters used but, nevertheless, were significantly higher than those found in unfermented soymilk. Bioconversion of the isoflavone glucosides (daidzin + genistin) into their corresponding bioactive aglycones (daidzein + genistein) was observed during soymilk fermentation. Total glucosides in soyamilk were 26.35 mg/100 ml. In contrast, aglycones genistein and daidzein were quantitatively lesser accounting 2.91 mg/100 ml (genistein 1.17 mg/100 ml and daidzein 1.19 mg/100 ml). Soymilk fermented with probiotic cultures resulted in the reduction of glycosides ranging from 0.40 mg to 1.36 mg/100 ml and increase in aglycones ranging from 6.32 mg to 13.66 mg/100 ml.

J Med Microbiol. 2009 Jan;58(Pt 1):37-48.
A mixture containing galactooligosaccharide, produced by the enzymic activity of Bifidobacterium bifidum, reduces Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice.
Searle LE, Best A, Nunez A, Salguero FJ, Johnson L, Weyer U, Dugdale AH, Cooley WA, Carter B, Jones G, Tzortzis G, Woodward MJ, La Ragione RM.
Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.

World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Nov 14;14(42):6453-7.
Role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in chemoprevention for colorectal cancer.
Fotiadis CI, Stoidis CN, Spyropoulos BG, Zografos ED.
3rd Surgical Clinic of the University hospital 'ATTIKON', Rimini 1, 12462, Haidari, Greece. costfot@yahoo.gr.

J Bacteriol. 2009 Jan;191(1):388-93.
A genomic island of an extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain enables the metabolism of fructooligosaccharides, which improves intestinal colonization.
Schouler C, Taki A, Chouikha I, Moulin-Schouleur M, Gilot P.
INRA, UR1282, Animal Infectiology and Public Health Unit, Bacterial Pathogenicity Laboratory, Tours Research Center, F-37380 Nouzilly, France. catherine.schouler@tours.inra.fr
Here we present evidence that some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains can metabolize FOS and show that this property helps the bacterium colonize the intestine. These findings highlight the potential risk that a high level of prebiotic usage could lead to the emergence of well-adapted pathogenic strains that metabolize prebiotic substances.

FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008 Dec;66(3):516-27.
In vitro effects of selected synbiotics on the human faecal microbiota composition.
Saulnier DM, Gibson GR, Kolida S.
Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK. saulnier@bcm.edu

Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(1):103-13.
Probiotics regulate the expression of COX-2 in intestinal epithelial cells.
Otte JM, Mahjurian-Namari R, Brand S, Werner I, Schmidt WE, Schmitz F.
Department of Internal Medicine I, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany. jan-michel.otte@rub.de

Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009 Jan;25(1):18-23.
Probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea.
Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Canani RB.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. alfguari@unina.it

Anim Health Res Rev. 2008 Dec;9(2):217-25.
Probiotics, prebiotics and competitive exclusion for prophylaxis against bacterial disease.
Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Harvey RB, Genovese KJ, Kennedy CN, Venn DW, Nisbet DJ.
Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845, USA.

Int J Food Microbiol. 2009 Jan 31;129(1):88-92.
Supercritical carbon dioxide interpolymer complexes improve survival of B. longum Bb-46 in simulated gastrointestinal fluids.
Thantsha MS, Cloete TE, Moolman FS, Labuschagne PW.
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, New Agricultural building, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.

Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 Dec;154(3):424-31.
Effects of Bifidobacterium animalis administered during lactation on allergic and autoimmune responses in rodents.
Ezendam J, de Klerk A, Gremmer ER, van Loveren H.
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Laboratory for Health Protection Research, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. janine.ezendam@rivm.nl
B. animalis modestly reduced the number of infiltrating eosinophils and lymphocytes in the lungs, but no effects on allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin E levels were found. Cytokine profiles assessed after culturing spleen cells with the mitogen concanvalin A (ConA) showed that B. animalis skewed the Th1/Th2 balance towards Th1 in females. However, allergen-induced cytokine production in females was not affected by B. animalis. In males, B. animalis significantly decreased ConA-induced interleukin-13 and a trend towards lower levels of OVA-induced Th2 cytokines. In the EAE model, B. animalis significantly reduced the duration of clinical symptoms by almost 2 days in males and improved the body weight gain during the experimental period compared with the control group. Our data show that B. animalis reduced several immune parameters in the allergy as well as in the autoimmunity model.

Alcohol. 2008 Dec;42(8):675-82.
Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study.
Kirpich IA, Solovieva NV, Leikhter SN, Shidakova NA, Lebedeva OV, Sidorov PI, Bazhukova TA, Soloviev AG, Barve SS, McClain CJ, Cave M.
Department of Biochemistry, Northern State Medical University, 161020, Arkhangelsk, Russia.

Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Dec;8(6):557-64.
Lactic acid bacteria as novel adjuvant systems for prevention and treatment of atopic diseases.
Schabussova I, Wiedermann U.
Department of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Minerva Pediatr. 2008 Dec;60(6):1417-35.
Metchnikoff and the centenary of probiotics: an update of their use in gastroenteric pathology during the age of development.
Caramia G.
Emeritus Head of Neonatology and Pediatric Department, Specialized Pediatric Hospital ''G. Salesi'', Ancona, Italy caramiagm@libero.it.

Clin Exp Allergy. 2008 Dec;38(12):1882-90.
Effects of Lactobacillus GG treatment during pregnancy on the development of fetal antigen-specific immune responses.
Boyle RJ, Mah LJ, Chen A, Kivivuori S, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML.
Department of Allergy and Immune Disorders, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.

Int J Food Microbiol. 2008 Dec 10;128(2):219-25.
Time-dependent persistence of enhanced immune response by a potential probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101.
Tsai YT, Cheng PC, Fan CK, Pan TM.
Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.

J Psychiatr Res. 2008 Dec;43(2):164-74.
The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat.
Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Bienenstock J, Dinan TG.
Department of Psychiatry and Alimentary Pharmacobiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Probiotic administration in naive rats had no effect on swim behaviours on day 3 or day 14 following the commencement of treatment. However, there was a significant attenuation of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-6 cytokines following mitogen stimulation (p<0.05) in probiotic-treated rats relative to controls. Furthermore, there was a marked increase in plasma concentrations of tryptophan (p<0.005) and kynurenic acid (p<0.05) in the bifidobacteria-treated rats when compared to controls. Bifidobacteria treatment also resulted in a reduced 5-HIAA concentration in the frontal cortex and a decrease in DOPAC in the amygdaloid cortex. The attenuation of pro-inflammatory immune responses, and the elevation of the serotonergic precursor, tryptophan by bifidobacteria treatment, provides encouraging evidence in support of the proposition that this probiotic may possess antidepressant properties.

Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec 22.
Butyrate modulates oxidative stress in the colonic mucosa of healthy humans.
Hamer HM, Jonkers DM, Bast A, Vanhoutvin SA, Fischer MA, Kodde A, Troost FJ, Venema K, Brummer RJ.
TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Nutrim, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced by colonic microbial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates, has been implicated in the maintenance of colonic health. This study evaluates whether butyrate plays a role in oxidative stress in the healthy colonic mucosa. Butyrate treatment resulted in significantly higher GSH (p<0.05) and lower uric acid (p<0.01) concentrations compared to placebo. Changes in GSH and uric acid were accompanied by increased and decreased expression, respectively, of their rate limiting enzymes determined by RT-PCR. No significant differences were found in other parameters. This study demonstrated that butyrate is able to beneficially affect oxidative stress in the healthy human colon.

J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 21;283(47):32913-24.
Conserved polar residues in transmembrane domains V, VI, and VII of free fatty acid receptor 2 and free fatty acid receptor 3 are required for the binding and function of short chain fatty acids.
Stoddart LA, Smith NJ, Jenkins L, Brown AJ, Milligan G.
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland.

J Cell Physiol. 2009 Jan;218(1):58-65.
Butyrate metabolism in human colon carcinoma cells: implications concerning its growth-inhibitory effect.
Andriamihaja M, Chaumontet C, Tome D, Blachier F.
INRA, CNRH-IdF, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.
we conclude that the metabolism of butyrate downstream acetyl-CoA synthesis is not involved in the butyrate antiproliferative effect. The suggestion that butyrate metabolism in mitochondria is not used in these cells as a fuel but acts as a regulator of butyrate free concentrations (thus limiting its action upon cellular targets), is discussed. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008 Dec;66(3):528-36.
Isolation of lactate-utilizing butyrate-producing bacteria from human feces and in vivo administration of Anaerostipes caccae strain L2 and galacto-oligosaccharides in a rat model.
Sato T, Matsumoto K, Okumura T, Yokoi W, Naito E, Yoshida Y, Nomoto K, Ito M, Sawada H.
Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Yaho, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan. tadashi-sato@yakult.co.jp
The results suggest that synbiotic ingestion of lactate-utilizing butyrate-producers and GOS alters the microbial fermentation and promotes the formation of beneficial fermentation acids, including butyrate, in the gut.