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Microbiology. 2008 Nov;154(Pt 11):3430-6.
Induction of toxins in Clostridium difficile is associated with dramatic changes of its metabolism.
Karlsson S, Burman LG, Akerlund T.
Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Department of Bacteriology, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden.

J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Oct;108(10):1716-31.
Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber.
Slavin JL.
American Dietetic Association, USA.
Populations that consume more dietary fiber have less chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes recommend consumption of 14 g dietary fiber per 1,000 kcal, or 25 g for adult women and 38 g for adult men, based on epidemiologic studies showing protection against cardiovascular disease. Few fiber supplements have been studied for physiological effectiveness, so the best advice is to consume fiber in foods. Look for physiological studies of effectiveness before selecting functional fibers in dietetics practice.

Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Oct 27:1-12.
Dietary fiber and antioxidant capacity in Fucus vesiculosus products.
Elena Diaz-Rubio M, Perez-Jimenez J, Saura-Calixto F.
Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutricion, IF-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.

J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Oct;27(5):569-76.
Bean consumption is associated with greater nutrient intake, reduced systolic blood pressure, lower body weight, and a smaller waist circumference in adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002.
Papanikolaou Y, Fulgoni VL 3rd.
Nutritional Strategies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Gastroenterology. 2008 Oct;135(4):1163-7.
Prospective study of dietary fiber, whole grain foods, and small intestinal cancer.
Schatzkin A, Park Y, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, Cross AJ.
Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA. schatzka@mail.nih.gov
Intake of fiber from grains and whole-grain foods was inversely associated with small intestinal cancer incidence; the RR values were consistent with those from the same dietary factors for large bowel cancer in this cohort. In conjunction with the anatomic and physiologic commonalities of the large and small bowel, as well as the mutually increased risks for second cancer for both organs, grain fiber and whole grain foods seem to protect against lower gastrointestinal cancers.

Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008 Nov;112(1):149-58.
Dietary fiber is associated with serum sex hormones and insulin-related peptides in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
Wayne SJ, Neuhouser ML, Ulrich CM, Koprowski C, Baumgartner KB, Baumgartner RN, McTiernan A, Bernstein L, Ballard-Barbash R.
New Mexico Tumor Registry, MSC 11 620, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA, swayne@salud.unm.edu.
High fiber diets may be beneficial to postmenopausal breast cancer survivors due to fiber's favorable influence on sex hormones and peptides

J Asthma. 2008 Nov;45(9):828-32.
A longitudinal analysis on the association between antibiotic use, intestinal microflora, and wheezing during the first year of life.
Verhulst SL, Vael C, Beunckens C, Nelen V, Goossens H, Desager K.
University of Antwerp, Department of Pediatrics, Wilrijk, Belgium. stijn.verhulst@ua.ac.be
This study demonstrated an association between antibiotics, anerobic bacteria, and wheezing during the first year of life. The effect of antibiotics was probably due to reverse causation. Since Clostridium was protective of wheezing, other anerobic bacteria are probably responsible for the increased risk of wheezing, which remains to be demonstrated.

Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2008 Oct;10(5):629-32.
[Effects of infant formula containing galacto-oligosaccharides on the intestinal microflora in infants.]
Cai JW, Lu YD, Ben XM.
Department of Pediatrics, Chen Xing-Hai Hospital of Guangdong, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528415, China. benxm@163.com.
Compared with the formula-feeding group without GOS, the contents of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and acetic acid and stool frequency increased, and faecal pH decreased significantly in the GOS-formula-feeding and the human milk group. There were no significant differences between the GOS-formula-feeding and the human milk groups. Supplementation with GOS did not lead to an increase in the incidence of crying, regurgitation and vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: A supplementation of low levels of GOS in infant formula seemed to improve stool frequency, decrease faecal pH, and stimulate intestinal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli up to levels as found in breast-fed infants.

Oncol Rep. 2008 Oct;20(4):727-30.
Metabolism of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 by intestinal microflora in rats.
Yamamoto M, Kurita A, Asahara T, Takakura A, Katono K, Iwasaki M, Ryuge S, Wada M, Onoda S, Yanaihara T, Yokoba M, Mitsufuji H, Nishii Y, Fukui T, Masuda N.
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that SN-38 produced from SN-38G by the action of bacterial beta-glucuronidase is rapidly adsorbed by the intestinal bacterial cell walls in the sediment because of the hydrophobic and lipophilic nature of SN-38, and a small amount of SN-38 remains in the intestinal luminal fluid. Thus, we need to reconsider the role of SN-38 in the intestinal lumen in CPT-11-induced late-onset diarrhea.

J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Oct 8;56(19):9299-304.
Identification of Cabernet Sauvignon anthocyanin gut microflora metabolites.
Forester SC, Waterhouse AL.
Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
Anthocyanins are polyphenol antioxidants that have been shown to prevent many chronic diseases, including colon cancer. The compounds are largely metabolized by various enzymes and bacteria in the large intestine, and the health benefits of consuming foods rich in anthocyanins could be due mostly to the effects of these metabolites. IResults from this study suggest that consumption of Cabernet Sauvignon grape anthocyanins could lead to the formation of specific metabolites in the human gut, and it is possible that these metabolites offer the protective effect against colon cancer attributed to anthocyanin consumption.known to affect breast cancer prognosis.

Gut. 2008 Nov;57(11):1605-15.
High-throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota.
Zoetendal EG, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, de Vos WM.
Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands. erwin.zoetendal@wur.nl

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Oct 28;105(43):16731-6.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients.
Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, Grangette C, Vasquez N, Pochart P, Trugnan G, Thomas G, Blottiere HM, Dore J, Marteau P, Seksik P, Langella P.
Unite Ecologie et Physiologie du Systeme Digestif, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique U910, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
F. prausnitzii exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on cellular and TNBS colitis models, partly due to secreted metabolites able to block NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 production. These results suggest that counterbalancing dysbiosis using F. prausnitzii as a probiotic is a promising strategy in CD treatment.

J Nutr. 2008 Nov;138(11):2217-21.
Intestinal microbial contribution to metabolic leucine input in adult men.
Raj T, Dileep U, Vaz M, Fuller MF, Kurpad AV.
St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore 560034, India.
The contribution of the intestinal microbiota to body amino acid homeostasis may be significant at maintenance intakes, but its long-term nutritional importance remains to be determined.

Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Oct 16;4(4):337-49.
Specific microbiota direct the differentiation of IL-17-producing T-helper cells in the mucosa of the small intestine.
Ivanov II, Frutos Rde L, Manel N, Yoshinaga K, Rifkin DB, Sartor RB, Finlay BB, Littman DR.
Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Our results suggest that composition of intestinal microbiota regulates the Th17:Treg balance in the LP and may thus influence intestinal immunity, tolerance, and susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases.

Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Oct;14(10):955-63.
Adherence and invasion of Bacteroidales isolated from the human intestinal tract.
Nakano V, Piazza RM, Cianciarullo AM, Bueris V, Santos MF, Menezes MA, Mendes-Ledesma MR, Szulczewski V, Elias WP, Pumbwe L, Wexler H, Avila-Campos MJ.
Laboratorio de Anaerobios, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Invasion was observed in 37.5% and 26% of the strains isolated from diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal stools, respectively. All strains displayed a capsule, whereas none of them showed fimbriae-like structures. This is the first report of the ability of Bacteroides spp. and P. distasonis to adhere to and invade cultured HEp-2 epithelial cells.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Oct;74(20):6338-47.
Detection of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bb12) in the intestine after feeding of sows and their piglets.
Solano-Aguilar G, Dawson H, Restrepo M, Andrews K, Vinyard B, Urban JF Jr.
US Department of Agriculture, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition

Microb Ecol. 2008 Oct;56(3):474-83.
Ecophysiology of the developing total bacterial and lactobacillus communities in the terminal small intestine of weaning piglets.
Pieper R, Janczyk P, Zeyner A, Smidt H, Guiard V, Souffrant WB.
Research Unit for Nutritional Physiology Oskar Kellner, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.

Microb Ecol. 2008 Oct;56(3):395-402.
Effect of antibiotic therapy on human fecal microbiota and the relation to the development of Clostridium difficile.
De La Cochetiere MF, Durand T, Lalande V, Petit JC, Potel G, Beaugerie L.
Therapeutiques Cliniques et Experimentales des Infections, EA 3826, UFR Medecine, Universite de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universites, Rue G. Veil, Nantes, 44000, France. mfdlc@nantes.inserm.fr

Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2008 Oct 15;186(2):78-84.
Continuous in vitro exposure to low-dose genistein induces genomic instability in breast epithelial cells.
Kim YM, Yang S, Xu W, Li S, Yang X.
The Department of Pediatrics, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK 73104, USA.
Genistein is a major soy isoflavone with multiple properties. Our results suggest that long-term, low-concentration exposure to genistein may have the potential to induce chromosomal imbalances. These genotoxic effects may work in concert with other factors to induce genetic lesions that contribute to soy- and genistein-associated risk.

Nutrition. 2008 Nov-Dec;24(11-12):1153-8.
Lack of effects of isoflavones on the lipid profile of Brazilian postmenopausal women.
Rios DR, Rodrigues ET, Cardoso AP, Montes MB, Franceschini SA, Toloi MR.
Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
The results of the present study do not support any biologically significant estrogenic effects of isoflavone on the parameters assessed. Further research will be necessary to definitively assess the safety and efficacy of isoflavone.

Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Oct;52(10):1121-9.
Reduced mammary tumor progression in a transgenic mouse model fed an isoflavone-poor soy protein concentrate.
Chiesa G, Rigamonti E, Lovati MR, Disconzi E, Soldati S, Sacco MG, Cato EM, Patton V, Scanziani E, Vezzoni P, Arnoldi A, Locati D, Sirtori CR.
Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy. giulia.chiesa@unimi.it
These results indicate that a diet containing an isoflavone-poor soy protein concentrate may inhibit breast tumor progression and metastasis development.

Eur J Nutr. 2008 Oct;47(7):366-74.
Comparison of native or reformulated chicory fructans, or non-purified chicory, on rat cecal fermentation and mineral metabolism.
Demigne C, Jacobs H, Moundras C, Davicco MJ, Horcajada MN, Bernalier A, Coxam V.
UMR1019, Unite Nutrition Humaine, INRA, Centre Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122, St Genes Champanelle, France.
these diets promoted succinic acid rich fermentation together with substantial amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially butyrate. After 1 month of adaptation, all the inulin diets strongly enhanced Ca absorption compared to controls (P < 0.01), but this effect was no more observed after 3 months of adaptation. Magnesium (Mg) absorption was stimulated by the inulin diets after 1 and 3 months experiment. Bone parameters were significantly affected by the chicory diet (enhanced distal bone mineral density and breaking load) whereas the purified inulin diets were less effective. In conclusion, with the present model, both (NAT)Inulin and (REF)Inulin exerted similar effects as to (1) cecal fermentation and profile of end-products of bacterial metabolism, (2) stimulation of Ca and Mg digestive absorption and (3) overall effects on bone parameters. The particular effects of the chicory crude fractions on digestive fermentation and bone parameters suggest possible synergisms between inulin-type fructans and other nutrients.

Anaerobe. 2008 Oct;14(4):205-8.
Growth of infant faecal bifidobacteria and clostridia on prebiotic oligosaccharides in in vitro conditions.
Rada V, Nevoral J, Trojanova I, Tomankova E, Smehilova M, Killer J.
Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Agriculture Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic. rada@af.czu.cz
Both bifidobacteria and clostridia utilized all substrates tested. Bifidobacteria grew significantly better in the medium with galactooligosaccharides. Higher growth of clostridia was observed on raffinose and lactulose. Conversely, bifidobacteria grew slightly better in the medium with stachyose, inulin, Raftilose P85 and P95. Our
results suggest that commercially available prebiotics support the growth of infant faecal clostridia. It is therefore questionable if bifidobacteria-deficient infants should be supplemented with prebiotics.

J Dairy Sci. 2008 Nov;91(11):4164-75.
Effect of calcium on the physical properties of stirred probiotic yogurt.
Ramasubramanian L, Restuccia C, Deeth HC.
School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.

J Nutr. 2008 Nov;138(11):2129-35.
Probiotics stimulate liver and plasma protein synthesis in piglets with dextran sulfate-induced colitis and macronutrient restriction.
Harding SV, Fraser KG, Wykes LJ.
School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H9X 3V9.

Allergy. 2008 Nov;63(11):1481-90.
Early markers of allergic disease in a primary prevention study using probiotics: 2.5-year follow-up phase.
Prescott SL, Wiltschut J, Taylor A, Westcott L, Jung W, Currie H, Dunstan JA.
School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
The LAFTI L10 probiotic strain did not have any significant effect on allergy outcomes. Allergic children showed a number of early differences in immune function including altered regulatory T-cell markers and innate immune function.

Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122(4):693-700.
Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight preterm infants: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.
Lin HC, Hsu CH, Chen HL, Chung MY, Hsu JF, Lien RI, Tsao LY, Chen CH, Su BH.
Department of Pediatrics and School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. d0373@mail.cmuh.org.tw
Probiotics, in the form of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, fed enterally to very low birth weight preterm infants for 6 weeks reduced the incidence of death or necrotizing enterocolitis.

Mol Immunol. 2008 Nov;46(1):172-80.
Lactobacillus casei potentiates induction of oral tolerance in experimental arthritis.
So JS, Lee CG, Kwon HK, Yi HJ, Chae CS, Park JA, Hwang KC, Im SH.
Department of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
Our study provides evidence that L. casei could potentiate antigen-specific oral tolerance and suppress Th1-type immune responses of arthritic inflammation.

Avian Pathol. 2008 Oct;37(5):509-12.
Effects of a multi-strain probiotic (PrimaLac) on performance and antibody responses to Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease virus vaccination in broiler chickens.
Talebi A, Amirzadeh B, Mokhtari B, Gahri H.
Poultry Diseases Division, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. a.talebi@mail.urmia.ac.ir
Use of PrimaLac significantly (P<0.05) enhanced broiler performance by improving body weight and decreasing the feed conversion ratio. Although administration of the probiotic appeared to improve the antibody responses to Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease vaccination, the antibody titres of the probiotic-treated group were not significantly different from those not receiving probiotics.

J Clin Periodontol. 2008 Oct;35(10):897-905.
Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Shimauchi H, Mayanagi G, Nakaya S, Minamibuchi M, Ito Y, Yamaki K, Hirata H.
Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan. simauti@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

Hepatology. 2008 Oct;48(4):1184-92.
Control of acute, chronic, and constitutive hyperammonemia by wild-type and genetically engineered Lactobacillus plantarum in rodents.
Nicaise C, Prozzi D, Viaene E, Moreno C, Gustot T, Quertinmont E, Demetter P, Suain V, Goffin P, Deviere J, Hols P.
Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
Hyperammonemia in constitutive model or after acute or chronic induced liver failure can be controlled by the administration of L. plantarum with a significant effect on survival. The mechanism involved in this ammonia decrease implicates direct ammonia consumption in the gut.

Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Oct;295(4):R1131-7.
Protective effects of Lactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium infantis in murine models for colitis do not involve the vagus nerve.
van der Kleij H, O'Mahony C, Shanahan F, O'Mahony L, Bienenstock J.

Curr Microbiol. 2008 Oct;57(4):356-63.
Detection and identification of a novel lactic acid bacterial flora within the honey stomach of the honeybee Apis mellifera.
Olofsson TC, Vasquez A.
Microbiology Laboratory at Campus Helsingborg, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University Campus Helsingborg, P.O. Box 882, Helsingborg, 25108, Sweden. tobias.olofsson@cob.lu.se

Clin Exp Allergy. 2008 Oct;38(10):1606-14.
Supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Bifidobacterium lactis probiotics in pregnancy increases cord blood interferon-gamma and breast milk transforming growth factor-beta and immunoglobin A detection.
Prescott SL, Wickens K, Westcott L, Jung W, Currie H, Black PN, Stanley TV, Mitchell EA, Fitzharris P, Siebers R, Wu L, Crane J; Probiotic Study Group.Collaborators (16)Black P, Crane J, Fitzharris P, Green C, Jones B, Lampshire P, Lester S, Mitchell E, Molloy S, Nagles H, Nicholson A, Purdie G, Siebers R, Stanley T, Wickens K, Wu L.
School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. sprescott@meddent.uwa.edu.au
The findings suggest that supplementation with probiotics in pregnancy has the potential to influence fetal immune parameters as well as immunomodulatory factors in breast milk.

J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Oct;84(4):1092-100.
Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus pyogenes differentially regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression in human primary macrophages.
Miettinen M, Veckman V, Latvala S, Sareneva T, Matikainen S, Julkunen I.
Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. minja.miettinen@gmail.com
Our results show that despite similarities, TLR responses of macrophages differ for a Gram-positive probiotic and a pathogen. Our data suggest that macrophages can discriminate between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria by IFN-mediated TLR gene regulation.

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Nov;14(11):1585-96.
Mechanisms of probiotic action: Implications for therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Vanderpool C, Yan F, Polk DB.
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0696, USA.

Anaerobe. 2008 Oct;14(4):219-23.
Use of specific primers based on the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for the screening Bifidobacterium adolescentis in yogurt products and human stool samples.
Tsai CC, Lai CH, Yu B, Tsen HY.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hung-Kuang University, No. 34, Chung-Chi Road, Shalu, Taichung County 433, Taiwan, ROC.

Nutrition. 2008 Oct;24(10):1023-9.
Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides and different doses of Bifidobacterium animalis in a weaning diet on bacterial translocation and Toll-like receptor gene expression in pigs.
Trevisi P, De Filippi S, Minieri L, Mazzoni M, Modesto M, Biavati B, Bosi P.
Department of Agro-Food Protection and Valorisation, University of Bologna, Reggio Emilia, Italy. pablo.trevisi@unibo.it
Soon after weaning, the translocation of the commensal bacteria in the ileocecal lymph nodes is a physiologic process. Moreover, diet affects the expression of the TLR2-encoding gene.

Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Oct;53(10):2714-8.
Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Sinn DH, Song JH, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Son HJ, Chang DK, Kim YH, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, Rhee PL.
Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Oct;12(10):1773-81; discussion 1781-2.
Sodium-coupled transport of the short chain fatty acid butyrate by SLC5A8 and its relevance to colon cancer.
Thangaraju M, Cresci G, Itagaki S, Mellinger J, Browning DD, Berger FG, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
These studies show that SLC5A8 mediates the tumor-suppressive effects of the bacterial fermentation product butyrate in the colon.

Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Oct 1;478(1):85-95.
Butyrate-induced phosphatase regulates VEGF and angiogenesis via Sp1.
Prasanna Kumar S, Thippeswamy G, Sheela ML, Prabhakar BT, Salimath BP.
Department of Applied Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India.