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J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Apr;48 Suppl 2:S89-91.
Colon in food allergy.
Troncone R, Discepolo V.
Department of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy. troncone@unina.it
The colon is a site of allergic reaction to food proteins. The most common manifestation is allergic proctocolitis. Although frequent in infancy, it may also affect older children. Finally, allergic proctitis may present clinically with refractory constipation; the true prevalence of food allergy-related constipation remains to be assessed.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Apr;48 Suppl 2:S107-9.
Probiotics and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.
Vandenplas Y, Benninga M.
UZ Brussel Kinderen, Brussels, Belgium. yvan.vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
Chronic constipation is one of the most frequent complaints in childhood. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria increase stool frequency and decrease consistency in normal individuals. But, according to several reviews, the evidence of probiotics for efficacy in constipation is limited. Fiber supplements, lactose-free diets, and lactobacillus supplementation are effective in the management of children with recurrent abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Several studies with Lactobacillus GG in children showed negative results in children with chronic constipation. Because Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 has been shown to be effective in adults with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome this study should also be performed in a well-designed large placebo-controlled trial in children with constipation.

J Anim Sci. 2009 Apr 24. [Epub ahead of print]Related Articles, Links
Effects of Yeast Culture Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Immune Response of Nursery Pigs.
Shen YB, Piao XS, Kim SW, Wang L, Liu P, Yoon I, Zhen YG.
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.

Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009 Apr 22.
Cow's milk allergy is associated with changes in urinary organic acid concentrations.
Salmi H, Kuitunen M, Viljanen M, Lapatto R.
Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki.

Environ Microbiol. 2009 Apr 21.
The role of pH in determining the species composition of the human colonic microbiota.
Duncan SH, Louis P, Thomson JM, Flint HJ.
Microbial Ecology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.
Representatives of all eight Bacteroides species tested grew poorly at pH 5.5, as did Escherichia coli, whereas 19 of the 23 Gram-positive anaerobes tested gave growth rates at pH 5.5 that were at least 50% of those at pH 6.7. Growth inhibition of B. thetaiotaomicron at pH 5.5 was increased by the presence of the SCFA mix (33 mM acetate, 9 mM propionate and 1 mM each of iso-valerate, valerate and iso-butyrate). Analysis of amplified 16S rRNA sequences demonstrated a major pH-driven shift within a human faecal bacterial community in a continuous flow fermentor. Bacteroides spp. accounted for 27% of 16S rRNA sequences detected at pH 5.5, but 86% of sequences at pH 6.7. Conversely, butyrate-producing Gram-positive bacteria related to Eubacterium rectale represented 50% of all 16S rRNA sequences at pH 5.5, but were not detected at pH 6.7. Inhibition of the growth of a major group of Gram-negative bacteria at mildly acidic pH apparently creates niches that can be exploited by more low pH-tolerant microorganisms.

FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009 Apr 6.
Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota.
Tanaka S, Kobayashi T, Songjinda P, Tateyama A, Tsubouchi M, Kiyohara C, Shirakawa T, Sonomoto K, Nakayama J.
Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Division of Microbial Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009 Apr;10(4):258-63.
Prebiotic oligosaccharides change the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and the microbial population of mouse bowel.
Pan XD, Chen FQ, Wu TX, Tang HG, Zhao ZY.
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

J Clin Invest. 2009 Apr 6.
Cd1d-dependent regulation of bacterial colonization in the intestine of mice.
Nieuwenhuis EE, Matsumoto T, Lindenbergh D, Willemsen R, Kaser A,
Simons-Oosterhuis Y, Brugman S, Yamaguchi K, Ishikawa H, Aiba Y, Koga Y, Samsom JN, Oshima K, Kikuchi M, Escher JC, Hattori M, Onderdonk AB, Blumberg RS.

Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 6:1-9.
Fructo-oligosaccharides and fibre in enteral nutrition has a beneficial influence on microbiota and gastrointestinal quality of life.
Wierdsma NJ, Van Bodegraven AA, Uitdehaag BM, Arjaans W, Savelkoul PH, Kruizenga HM, Van Der Schueren MV.
Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics.

J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Apr 22;57(8):3356-62.
Conversion of dehydrodiferulic acids by human intestinal microbiota.
Braune A, Bunzel M, Yonekura R, Blaut M.
Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. braune@dife.de

J Med Microbiol. 2009 Apr;58(Pt 4):509-16.
Molecular characterization of the stomach microbiota in patients with gastric cancer and in controls.
Dicksved J, Lindberg M, Rosenquist M, Enroth H, Jansson JK, Engstrand L.
Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Sequencing of 140 clones revealed 102 phylotypes, with representatives from five bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria). The data revealed a relatively low abundance of H. pylori and showed that the gastric cancer microbiota was instead dominated by different species of the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Veillonella and Prevotella. The respective role of these species in development of gastric cancer remains to be determined.

Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Apr;39(4):518-26.
Altered early infant gut microbiota in children developing allergy up to 5 years of age.
Sjogren YM, Jenmalm MC, Bottcher MF, Bjorksten B, Sverremark-Ekstrom E.
Department of Immunology, The Wenner Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratory of Natural Sciences F5, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. ylva.sjogren@imun.su.se
Children who developed allergy were significantly less often colonized with lactobacilli group I (Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus, L. casei, L. paracasei), Bifidobacterium adolescentis and C. difficile during their first 2 months. Infants colonized with several Bifidobacterium species had been exposed to higher amounts of endotoxin and grew up in larger families than infants harbouring few species. CONCLUSION: A more diverse gut microbiota early in life might prevent allergy development and may be related to the previously suggested inverse relationship between allergy, family size and endotoxin exposure.

Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009 Apr;48(4):433-9.
Novel 16S rRNA gene analyses reveal new in vitro effects of insoluble barley fibres on the human faecal microbiota.
Rudi K, Zimonja M, Aasen IM, Knutsen SH, Sahlstrom S.
Matforsk AS, Nofima Food, Osloveien, Norway. knut.rudi@nofima.no
Our novel analytical approaches revealed new enrichment patterns in the taxa that respond to insoluble DF. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results may have major implications for future understanding of insoluble DF health effects.

Phytother Res. 2009 Apr 15.
Lipid-soluble components of honeybee-collected pollen exert antiallergic effect by inhibiting IgE-mediated mast cell activation in vivo.
Ishikawa Y, Tokura T, Ushio H, Niyonsaba F, Yamamoto Y, Tadokoro T, Ogawa H, Okumura K.
Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
These results first reveal that lipid-soluble components of BP exert an antiallergic action by inhibiting the FcaRI-mediated cutaneous mast cell activation. Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nutr Rev. 2009 Apr;67(4):188-205.
Health benefits of dietary fiber.
Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, Waters V, Williams CL.
Department of Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40502, USA. jwandersmd@aol.com

J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Apr 22;57(8):3113-9.
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) inhibit Vibrio cholerae toxin binding to its GM1 receptor.
Sinclair HR, de Slegte J, Gibson GR, Rastall RA.
Department of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom.

Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;28(2):156-61.
A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: an observational study.
Bruzzese E, Volpicelli M, Squeglia V, Bruzzese D, Salvini F, Bisceglia M, Lionetti P, Cinquetti M, Iacono G, Amarri S, Guarino A.
Dipartimento di Pediatria, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
Three hundred and forty two infants (mean age 53.7+/-32.1 days) were enrolled. The incidence of gastroenteritis was lower in the supplemented group than in the controls (0.12+/-0.04 vs. 0.29+/-0.05 episodes/child/12 months; p=0.015). The number of children with more than 3 episodes tended to be lower in prebiotic group (17/60 vs. 29/65; p=0.06). The number of children with multiple antibiotic courses/year was lower in children receiving prebiotics (24/60 vs. 43/65; p=0.004). A transient increase in body weight was observed in children on prebiotics compared to controls during the first 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Prebiotic administration reduce intestinal and, possibly, respiratory infections in healthy infants during the first year of age.

Curr Microbiol. 2009 Apr;58(4):338-42.
In vitro fermentation of oat bran obtained by debranning with a mixed culture of human fecal bacteria.
Kedia G, Vazquez JA, Charalampopoulos D, Pandiella SS.
School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Butyrate production was higher in oat bran compared to glucose and similar to that in fructo-oligosaccharide. Production of propionate was higher in the two oat media than in fructo-oligosaccharide and glucose, which can be used as energy source by the liver. This study suggests that the oat bran fraction obtained by debranning is digested by the gut ecosystem and increases the population of beneficial bacteria in the indigenous gut microbiota. This medium also provides an energy source preferred by colonocytes when it is metabolized by the gut flora.

J Anim Sci. 2009 Apr;87(13 Suppl):26-34.
Neonatal protection by an innate immune system of human milk consisting of oligosaccharides and glycans.
Newburg DS.
Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.

J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 24.
Effects of Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Radiation-induced Diarrhea.
Fuccio L, Guido A, Eusebi LH, Laterza L, Grilli D, Cennamo V, Ceroni L, Barbieri E, Bazzoli F.
Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology daggerDivision of Radiation Oncology, University of Bologna, Italy double daggerDepartment of Economics, University of South Florida, USA.
Four Probiotic supplementation showed beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea in experimental animal studies. Encouraging results have been observed in humans; however, the few available clinical studies do not allow firm conclusions. More well-performed, randomized placebo-controlled studies are needed.

Gut Pathog. 2009 Apr 27;1(1):8.
Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B-30892 can inhibit cytotoxic effects and adhesion of pathogenic Clostridium difficile to Caco-2 cells.
Banerjee P, Merkel GJ, Bhunia AK.
This study reveals the very first findings that Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B-30892 (LDB B-30892) can eliminate C. difficile-mediated cytotoxicity, using Caco-2 cells as a model. The study also demonstrates that LDB B-30892 can reduce the colonization of C. difficile cells in colorectal cells. More study is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanism of action of such reduction of cytotoxicity and colonization.

World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1821-8.
Therapeutic effects of Clostridium butyricum on experimental colitis induced by oxazolone in rats.
Zhang HQ, Ding TT, Zhao JS, Yang X, Zhang HX, Zhang JJ, Cui YL.
Qingdao East Sea Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Jiaonan, Shandong Province, China.
We found that treatment with C. butyricum lowered the serum levels of both IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) with similar or even better efficiency than that of mesalamine or sodium butyrate. The rat intestinal flora appeared to recover more quickly in the group treated with C. butyricum than in the mesalamine and sodium butyrate groups. Finally, we found that the expression level of calcitonin gene related peptide was elevated in colon tissue in the sodium butyrate treated group but not in the C. butyricum or mesalamine treated groups, indicating a sensitization of colon following sodium butyrate treatment. CONCLUSION: In our experimental colitis model, treatment with C. butyricum CGMCC0313, a probiotic supplement, is at least as efficient as treatment with mesalamine.

Int J Exp Pathol. 2009 Apr;90(2):131-40.
Anti-inflammatory effects of the genus Bifidobacterium on macrophages by modification of phospho-I kappaB and SOCS gene expression.
Okada Y, Tsuzuki Y, Hokari R, Komoto S, Kurihara C, Kawaguchi A, Nagao S, Miura S.
Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.

Blood. 2009 Apr 20.
Short chain fatty acid-mediated effects on erythropoiesis in primary definitive erythroid cells.
Bhatia H, Hallock JL, Dutta A, Karkashon S, Sterner LS, Miyazaki T, Dean A, Little JA.
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.

Diabetes. 2009 Apr 14.
Butyrate Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice.
Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, Ward RE, Martin RJ, Lefevre M, Cefalu WT, Ye J.
Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808.
Conclusions- Dietary supplementation of butyrate can prevent and treat diet-induced insulin resistance in mouse. The mechanism of butyrate action is related to promotion of energy expenditure and induction of mitochondria function.